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In 1114, an expedition to the Balearic Islands, then a Muslim ''taifa'', was launched in the form of a Crusade. Founded on a treaty of 1113 between the Republic of Pisa and Ramon Berenguer III, Count of Barcelona, the expedition had the support of Pope Paschal II and the participation of many lords of Catalonia and Occitania, as well as contingents from northern and central Italy, Sardinia, and Corsica. The Crusaders were perhaps inspired by the Norwegian king Sigurd I's attack on Formentera in 1108 or 1109 during the Norwegian Crusade.〔Gary B. Doxey (1996), "Norwegian Crusaders and the Balearic Islands", ''Scandinavian Studies'', 10–11. In the ''Liber maiolichinus'' the Norwegian king is referred to only as ''rex Norgregius'', and is recorded as sailing with 100 ships, though the later sagas record sixty.〕 The expedition ended in 1115 in the conquest of the Balearics, but only until the next year. The main source for the event is the Pisan ''Liber maiolichinus'', completed by 1125. ==Treaty and preparations== In 1085 Pope Gregory VII had granted suzerainty over the Balearics to Pisa.〔Charles Julian Bishko (1975), ("The Spanish and Portuguese Reconquest, 1095–1492" ), ''A History of the Crusades, Vol. 3: The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries'', ed. Harry W. Hazard (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press), 405.〕 In September 1113 a Pisan fleet making an expedition to Majorca was put off course by a storm and ended up near Blanes on the coast of Catalonia, which they initially mistook for the Balearics.〔Silvia Orvietani Busch (2001), ''Medieval Mediterranean Ports: The Catalan and Tuscan Coasts, 1100 to 1235'' (BRILL, ISBN 90-04-12069-6), 207. The fleet had left Pisa in August.〕 The Pisans met with the Count of Barcelona in the port of Sant Feliu de Guíxols, where on 7 September they signed a treaty ''causa corroborandae societatis et amicitiae'' ("for the cause of social cooperation and friendship"). Specifically the Pisans were exempted from the ''usagium'' and the ''jus naufragii'' in all the territories, present and future, of the Count of Barcelona, though Arles and Saint-Gilles, in the recently acquired March of Provence, were singled out for special mention (three times).〔Busch, 208.〕 The only surviving copy of the treaty between Pisa and Barcelona is found interpolated in a charter of James I granted to Pisa in 1233. It affirms that the meeting was unplanned and apparently arranged by God.〔It records the Providential meeting of Pisans and Catalans as ''divino ducatu in portu Sancti Felicis prope Gerundam apud Barcinonam ''(exercitus'' )'' applicuisset'' (Busch, 207).〕 Some scholars have expressed doubt about the lack of preparation, citing the Catalans' rapid response to the presence of the Pisans as evidence of some previous contact.〔Busch, 208 n4. Enrica Salvatori, ("Pisa in the Middle Ages: the Dream and the Reality of an Empire" ), ''Empires Ancient and Modern'', 19, likewise believes the familiarity of the author of the ''Liber maiolichinus'' with Catalonian and Occitanian geography points to longer and earlier Pisan contacts.〕 The attribution of the meeting to Providence alone may have been concocted to add an "aura of sacredness" to the alliance and the crusade.〔 The treaty, or what survives of it, does not refer to military cooperation or a venture against Majorca; perhaps that agreement was oral, or perhaps its record has been lost, but a Crusade was planned for 1114. The chief goal was the freeing of Christian captives and the suppression of Muslim piracy.〔Doxey, 13. The memory of Sigurd's abundant spoils may have played a secondary rôle.〕 Most of the Pisan fleet returned to Pisa, but some ships damaged by the storm remained to be repaired and some men remained behind to construct siege engines.〔Busch, 210. During their winter in Catalonia, many Pisan knights reportedly wandered abroad into southern France (''Provintia'', Provence, to the author of the ''Liber'') as far as Nîmes and Arles.〕 In the spring of 1114 a new fleet of eighty ships arrived from Pisa, following the French coast, briefly staying at Marseille.〔Many of the Pisans killed were buried at the Abbey of Saint Victor in Marseille on the return trip, cf. Salvatori, 19.〕 The fleet brought with it Cardinal Bosone, an envoy from Paschal II, who vigorously supported the expedition, authorising it in a bull as early as 1113.〔 Paschal had also granted the Pisans the ''Romana signa, sedis apostolicae vexillum'' ("Roman standard, the flag of the apostolic see"),〔This is almost certainly the ''vexillum sancti Petri'' ("banner of Saint Peter") used by papal armies on other occasions. The pope also gave a processional cross to the Pisan archbishop, who gave it to a certain layman, Atho, to carry. Cf. Carl Erdmann (1977), ''The Origin of the Idea of Crusade'' (Princeton: Princeton University Press), 186, who points out that the banner of Saint Peter is not the basis for the later white cross on a red field associated with Pisa.〕 and his appeals for the expedition had borne fruit. Besides the 300 ships of the Pisan contingent, there were 120 Catalan and Occitan vessels (plus a large army), contingents from the Italian cities of Florence, Lucca, Pistoia, Rome, Siena, and Volterra, and from Sardinia and Corsica under Saltaro, the son of Constantine I of Logudoro. Among the Catalan princes there were Ramon Berenguer, Hug II of Empúries, and Ramon Folc II of Cardona.〔Busch, 210 n12.〕 The most important lords of Occitania participated, with the exception of the Count of Toulouse, Alfonso Jordan: William V of Montpellier, with twenty ships; Aimeric II of Narbonne, with twenty ships; and Raymond I of Baux, with seven ships.〔 Bernard Ato IV, the chief of the Trencavel family, also participated.〔Salvatori, 19.〕 Ramon Berenguer and his wife, Douce, borrowed 100 ''morabatins'' from the Ramon Guillem, the Bishop of Barcelona, to finance the expedition. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「1113–15 Balearic Islands expedition」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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